{"id":344,"date":"2017-01-16T13:52:01","date_gmt":"2017-01-16T13:52:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.deltexmedical.com\/decision_tree\/?page_id=344"},"modified":"2025-10-10T13:04:22","modified_gmt":"2025-10-10T12:04:22","slug":"circulating-blood-volume","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.deltex-academy.com\/decision_tree\/circulating-blood-volume\/","title":{"rendered":"Circulating Blood Volume"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.entry-title {display:none;}<br \/><\/style>\n<style>.site-info {display: none;}<br \/><\/style>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #003087;\">CIRCULATING BLOOD VOLUME<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"color: #003087;\">Hypovolaemia<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><div class='content-column one_third'><div style=\"padding-right:10px;\">Hypovolaemia is a reduced circulating blood volume, and if not treated can contribute to delayed recovery following surgery. However, intraoperative fluid management (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.deltex-academy.com\/decision_tree\/stoke-volume-optimisation\/\">IOFM<\/a>) should be individualised because too much fluid can cause as many complications as too little. By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.deltex-academy.com\/decision_tree\/stoke-volume-optimisation\/\">optimising<\/a> a patient\u2019s SV, the clinician can ensure that that patient receives the right amount of fluid based upon their individual needs.<\/div><\/div><div class='content-column two_third last_column'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-345\" src=\"https:\/\/www.deltex-academy.com\/decision_tree\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/circulating-volumes-graph.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"601\" height=\"430\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.deltex-academy.com\/decision_tree\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/circulating-volumes-graph.png 953w, https:\/\/www.deltex-academy.com\/decision_tree\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/circulating-volumes-graph-300x215.png 300w, https:\/\/www.deltex-academy.com\/decision_tree\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/circulating-volumes-graph-768x550.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 601px) 85vw, 601px\" \/><\/div><div class='clear_column'><\/div><\/p>\n<p>Hypovolaemia has been documented in up to 70% of surgical patients following anaesthesia induction\u00a0(i.e., they respond positively to a fluid challenge), despite ERAS interventions to better prepare them for surgery (e.g., reduced preoperative fasting, no bowel preparations) [1]. One of the major causes of this hypovolaemia is anaesthesia-induced vasodilatation, which increases the functional volume of the vascular system [2-4].<\/p>\n<p>The consequence of an impaired circulating blood volume and subsequent oxygen debt across the perioperative period was first identified by Shoemaker et al. [5] in the early 1990s. The authors demonstrated that patients who maintained higher oxygen delivery across the perioperative period, were more likely to survive when compared to those with impaired oxygen delivery. This has been further established in the many studies published since (see\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.deltex-academy.com\/decision_tree\/improved-outcomes\/\">Outcome<\/a>\u00a0studies).<\/p>\n<p>The poorer patient outcome associated with hypovolaemia can be attributed to the following physiological changes [6, 7]:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Splanchnic bed vessels vasoconstrict to ensure adequate flow is directed towards the \u2018vital\u2019 organs (i.e., the heart and brain).<\/li>\n<li>This hypoperfusion and resulting hypoxia can cause\u00a0necrosis of the gut mucosa.<\/li>\n<li>Damage to the mucosa allows bacteria and\u00a0endotoxins to \u2018leak\u2019 from the gut lumen into the bloodstream.<\/li>\n<li>Toxins unable to be broken down by the liver\u00a0may enter the systemic circulation, potentially resulting in multiple organ dysfunction\u00a0syndrome.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Studies that have involved the administration of a standardised fluid bolus have not demonstrated the same favourable outcomes as those using ODM to guide fluid management. Parker et al. [8] found no reduction in mortality or length of hospital stay following the preoperative infusion of 500 mL of colloid in patients undergoing hip fracture repair. Likewise, the preoperative administration of 25 mL\/kg of crystalloid does not reduce postoperative morbidity and does not significantly reduce length of hospital stay [9].<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.deltex-academy.com\/decision_tree\/stoke-volume-optimisation\/\">SV optimisation<\/a> with a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.deltex-academy.com\/decision_tree\/new-accuracy-and-precision\/\">precise<\/a> technology enables clinicians to tailor fluid administration to patient need and has been demonstrated to improve patient <a href=\"https:\/\/www.deltex-academy.com\/decision_tree\/improved-outcomes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">outcome<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"color: #003087;\">References<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/20002360\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-cke-saved-href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/20002360\">Bundgaard-Nielsen, M., et al., <em>Functional intravascular volume deficit in patients before surgery.<\/em> Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 2010. <strong>54<\/strong>(4): p. 464-9.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/3555939\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-cke-saved-href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/3555939\">Dale, O. and B.R. Brown, Jr., <em>Clinical pharmacokinetics of the inhalational anaesthetics.<\/em> Clin Pharmacokinet, 1987. <strong>12<\/strong>(3): p. 145-67.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17264732\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-cke-saved-href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17264732\">Akata, T., <em>General anesthetics and vascular smooth muscle: direct actions of general anesthetics on cellular mechanisms regulating vascular tone.<\/em> Anesthesiology, 2007. <strong>106<\/strong>(2): p. 365-91.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/12768179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-cke-saved-href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/12768179\">Veering, B.T., <em>Cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of epidural anaesthesia.<\/em> Minerva Anestesiol, 2003. <strong>69<\/strong>(5): p. 433-7.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/1623755\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-cke-saved-href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/1623755\">Shoemaker, W.C., P.L. Appel, and H.B. Kram, <em>Role of oxygen debt in the development of organ failure sepsis, and death in high-risk surgical patients.<\/em> Chest, 1992. <strong>102<\/strong>(1): p. 208-15.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/3044239\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-cke-saved-href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/3044239\">Fiddian-Green, R.G., <em>Splanchnic ischaemia and multiple organ failure in the critically ill.<\/em> Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 1988. <strong>70<\/strong>(3): p. 128-34.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/2407230\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-cke-saved-href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/2407230\">Deitch, E.A., <em>The role of intestinal barrier failure and bacterial translocation in the development of systemic infection and multiple organ failure.<\/em> Arch Surg, 1990. <strong>125<\/strong>(3): p. 403-4.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/14665555\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-cke-saved-href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/14665555\">Parker, M.J.G., R.; Boyle, A., <em>Preoperative saline versus gelatin for hip fracture patients; a randomized trial of 396 patients.<\/em> Br J Anaesth, 2004. <strong>92<\/strong>(1): p. 67-70.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22177541\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-cke-saved-href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22177541\">Cuthbertson, B.H., et al., <em>A pragmatic multi-centre randomised controlled trial of fluid loading in high-risk surgical patients undergoing major elective surgery &#8211; the FOCCUS study.<\/em> Crit Care, 2011. <strong>15<\/strong>(6): p. R296.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CIRCULATING BLOOD VOLUME Hypovolaemia Hypovolaemia has been documented in up to 70% of surgical patients following anaesthesia induction\u00a0(i.e., they respond positively to a fluid challenge), despite ERAS interventions to better prepare them for surgery (e.g., reduced preoperative fasting, no bowel preparations) [1]. One of the major causes of this hypovolaemia is anaesthesia-induced vasodilatation, which increases &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.deltex-academy.com\/decision_tree\/circulating-blood-volume\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Circulating Blood Volume&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-344","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.deltex-academy.com\/decision_tree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/344","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.deltex-academy.com\/decision_tree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.deltex-academy.com\/decision_tree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.deltex-academy.com\/decision_tree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.deltex-academy.com\/decision_tree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=344"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.deltex-academy.com\/decision_tree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/344\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1312,"href":"https:\/\/www.deltex-academy.com\/decision_tree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/344\/revisions\/1312"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.deltex-academy.com\/decision_tree\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=344"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}